Md. Khorshed Alam (Babul)
B.A (Hons) , M.A (English), B.ed
Former Teacher of Chauddagram H.J Pilot Model Govt. High School & Present Teacher of Chauddagram Secondary Girls Pilot High School.
Modifier
| Modifier এমন একটি শব্দ বা শব্দসমষ্টি যা অন্য কোনো শব্দের আগে বা পরে বসে তার অর্থকে আরও স্পষ্ট বা সহজ ও বোধগম্য করে তাকে বা বিশেষত করে। |
Modifier দুই প্রকার।যথা :
Pre-Modifier
Post-Modifier
Note: Modifier হিসেবে বেশিভাগ সময় Adj বা Adv বসে। আর এই adj বা Adv Noun or pronoun কে modify করে।
Pre-Modifier: যে modifier Noun or Noun Phrase বা Pronoun এর পূর্বে বসে তাকে modify করে তাকে Pre-Modifier বলে।
Pre-modifier-এর উদাহরণসহ ব্যবহার দেখানো হলোঃ
1. Adjective as Pre-modifier: এক্ষেত্রে noun বা noun phrase-এর পূর্বে একটি adjective বসে উক্ত noun-কে modify করে। Adjective-এর এ ধরনের ব্যবহারকে attributive use বলা হয়। যেমন-
(a) Kalam gave him a nice picture.
(b) It was an attractive football-match.
2. Noun as Pre-modifier:
অনেক ক্ষেত্রে noun-ও noun-কে modify করে। যখন দুটি noun পাশাপাশি বসে, তখন প্রথম noun-টি দ্বিতীয় noun-টিকে modify করে। ফলে, এক্ষেত্রে প্রথম noun-টি noun হয়েও adjective-এর মতো কাজ করে। যেমন-
(a) Kabir went to a book fair.
(b) I have bought a book about science fiction.
(c) Trade Fair should be open to all.
3.Demonstratives as Pre-modifier:
Noun এর পূর্বে বসে Demonstrative(this,that,these,those) Pronoun গুলো Pre-modifier এর কাজ করে
a) This pen is mine
** Participle as Pre-modifier:
আমরা জানি, participle সর্বদা adjective কিংবা adverb-এর কাজ করে থাকে। Participle তিন প্রকার যা pre-modifier হিসেবে কাজ করতে পারে। এগুলো নিম্নরূপঃ
4. Present Participle as Pre-modifier:
এটি verb-এর base form-এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়ে গঠিত হয়। এই present participle-টি noun-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-
(a) He saw a running train.
(b) A barking dog seldom bites.
(c) A drowning man catches at a straw.
5. Past Participle as Pre-modifier:
এটি verb-এর past participle form দিয়ে গঠিত হয়। এই past participle-টি noun-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-
(a) It was a written document.
(b) I have bought some rotten fishes.
(c) The signed letter was not sent.
6. Perfect Participle (Phrase) as Pre-modifier:
এটি having + verb-এর past participle form + অন্যান্য শব্দ দিয়ে গঠিত হয়। এই perfect participle phrase-টি কোন clause-এর পূর্বে বসে উক্ত clause-টিকে modify করে অর্থাত্ এটি adverb-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-
(a) Having defeated the soldiers, the Captain sent them to prison.
(b) Having taken her meal, Nowshin went to college.
(c) Having married, Neela went abroad with her husband.
7. Determiner as Pre-modifier:
Determiner দ্বারা noun-কে নির্দেশ করা হয়। সাধারণত article (a, an, the) এবং demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these, those) গুলো determiner হিসেবে ব্যবহূত হয় যা noun-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-
(a) Shushil purchased a mobile.
(b) The Meghna is a big river.
(c) She bought that pen yesterday.
(d) Those players were playing in the field.
8. Quantifier as Pre-modifier:
Quantifier হলো noun-এর পরিমান (quantity) নির্দেশক শব্দ। Singular uncountable noun-এর quantifier হিসেবে সাধারণত much, little, a little, a great/good/vast/little amount of, a lot of, a lot, more, less, some, adequate, enough ইত্যাদি বসে এবং plural countable noun-এর quantifier হিসেবে সাধারণত many, some, few, a great/good number of, a lot of, a lot, three, ten, more, less, several, adequate, enough ইত্যাদি বসে। যেমন-
(a) She bought ten books from the book fair.
(b) I don't spend much money unnecessarily.
(c) Many students attended the seminar.
(d) Bill Gates has a lot of money.
9. Compound as Pre-modifier:
দুই বা ততোধিক শব্দযোগে compound গঠিত হয় যা noun-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। Age-old, brand-new, school-going, out-of-order, out-dated, out-of-date, old-fashioned, back-dated, so-called, far-sighted, long-sighted, first-class, new-bo, long-term, short-term, quickly-done, slowly-passing, multi-coloured, multi-storeyed, cash-paid, newly-emerged, above-mentioned, well-constructed, well-paid, well-designed, well-known ইত্যাদি প্রচলিত কতগুলো compound. যেমন-
(a) Nishat has purchased a brand-new car.
(b) A hard-working man can prosper in life.
(c) His father possesses a back-dated idea.
(d) The govt. has given long-term loan to the poor.
10. Possessive as Pre-modifier: Possessive হলো my, your, his, her, our, their, its, own, Karim's, Shamima's ইত্যাদি যা noun-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-
(a) Her sister is an MBBS.
(b) I have already got your idea.
(c) Everybody knows its price.
11. Adverb as Pre-modifier:
Adverb গুলো হলো below, under, above, up, down, very, fast, last, early, late, then ইত্যাদি যা noun-এর পূর্বে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। তবে quickly, slowly, extremely, very, fast, last, soon, late, early, instantly, today, yesterday, here, there ইত্যাদি adverb কোন verb, adjective, adverb কিংবা পুরো sentence-এর পূর্বে বসে adverb-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-
(a) The then Principal signed this letter.
(b) The down train will go there.
(c) The above passage is very difficult.
(d) This is the very man you like to meet.
(e) The last man has already left the place.
(f) That question was very important.
(g) The lady walks extremely slowly.
(h) It is a quickly increasing market.
(i) Instantly he left the place.
(j) There she was waiting for him eagerly.
12.Gerund as noun pre modifier:
a.Barking dogs.
B.Working fields.
c.flying bird.
13.: Intensifier:
যে সব Adverb অপর একটি শব্দের পূর্বে বসে (বিশেষত ; Adj) বসে তার অর্থকে আরও গভীর করে বা তীব্র করে তোলে তাকে Intensifier বলে।
শব্দগুলো হলো –--- (Very, extremely, really, amazingly, exceptionally, incredibly, remarkably, particularly, unusually, enough) ইত্যাদি Pre-modifier হিসেবে বসে।
Ex-
He is really a good man.
I am extremely shocked.
B. Post-modifier:
যে modifier সাধারণত কোন noun বা noun phrase-এর পরে বসে তাকে post-modifier বলে। যেমনঃ Kumkum has bought a book written by Nazrul. এখানে written by Nazrul এই past participle phrase-টি book-কে modify করেছে; ফলে written by Nazrul হলো post-modifier.
বিভিন্ন ধরনের Post-modifiers:
নিম্নে বিভিন্ন ধরনের post-modifier-এর উদাহরণসহ ব্যবহার দেখানো হলোঃ
1. Adjective / Adjective Phrase as Post-modifier:
এক্ষেত্রে noun বা noun phrase-এর পরে একটি adjective / adjective phrase বসে উক্ত noun-কে modify করে। যেমন-
(a) We made the room decorative.
(b) He did not find anything wrong in her behaviour.
(c) All the students present in the class protested the proposal.
2. Appositive as Post-modifier:
যখন দুটি noun বা noun phrase পাশাপাশি বসে একই ব্যক্তি, বস্তু বা প্রাণিকে বুঝায় তখন দ্বিতীয় noun/noun phrase-টিকে প্রথম noun/noun phrase-টির appositive বা case in apposition বলা হয়। উল্লেখ্য যে, এক্ষেত্রে দ্বিতীয় noun/noun phrase-টি প্রথম noun/noun phrase সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য প্রদান করে adjective-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-
(a) Babor, emperor of Delhi, was a pious man.
(b) Mr. Robin, the General Manager, is attending the party today.
(c) Everybody knows Kazi Nazrul Islam, a great poet in Bengali literature.
3. Participle (Phrase) as Post-modifier: Participle/Participle phrase সর্বদা adjective কিংবা adverb-এর কাজ করে থাকে। Participle/Participle phrase তিন প্রকার যা pre-modifier-এর মতো post-modifier হিসেবেও কাজ করতে পারে। এগুলো নিম্নরূপঃ
(i) Present Participle (Phrase) as Post-modifier:
Verb-এর base form-এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়ে present participle গঠিত হয়। আবার, verb-এর base form-এর সাথে ing + অন্যান্য শব্দ দিয়ে present participle phrase গঠিত হয়। এই present participle (phrase)-টি noun/pronoun-এর পরে বসে adjective-এর কাজ করে। যেমন-
(a) We found the boys playing.
(b) The man lying on the floor is a patient.
(c) He saw her going to market.
4. Adverb as post modifier:
যেমন:
slowly, quickly, here,yesterday, never,always, often, rarely, usually, almost, already, hardly, nearly, just,quite,ever,barely,seldom, scarcely etc.
A. Jany drives slowly
B. I called him yesterday
C. She is coming here.
5. infinitive as verb post modifier:
a.He goes there to learn
b) I have visited Cox’s Bazar to enjoy the sea Beach
Read the following text and use modifiers in the blank spaces as directed.
1.Water is a (a) (pre-modify the noun) substance. It has no colour of (b) (possessive to pre-modify) own. The (c) (determiner to pre-modify the noun) name of water is life. By drinking water, we can quench (d) (possessive to pre-modify the noun) thirst. Thus we can survive on earth. But (e) (pre-modify the noun) water is life killing. By drinking contaminated water, we suffer from diseases like diarrhea, typhoid etc. We may (f) (pre-modify the verb) face (g) (pre-modify the noun) death by drinking such type of water. We are responsible for (h) (noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) pollution. Waste materials from mills and factories are thrown here and there. Farmers use fertilizers and insecticides in their land. During the rainy season, they are mixed with ponds and rivers. Besides, latrines (i) (participle to post-modify the noun) on ponds and rivers cause water pollution. (j) (pre-modify the noun) awareness should be raised to stop water pollution.
2.Most of the people in (a) (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country do not know the importance of English. In fact, it is an (b) (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) language and we are living in a (c) (pre-modify the noun) village. So, if you know English (d) (post-modify the verb with an adverb), you can communicate with (e) (use article to pre-modify the noun phrase) rest of the world. It is surely an important element of your (f) (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) skill. Without the knowledge of English with proper understanding, you cannot complete (g) (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) higher studies because most of the books are written in English in the process of higher education. Poor knowledge of English will also hamper your (h) (use a noun adjective) development. In short, if you do not have a good command of English, you will suffer (i) (post-modify the verb with prepositional phrase/adverbial) of your life. So, don’t waste your time and try to learn English (j) (post-modify the verb with an adverb) from today.
3.Once there lived a (a) (pre-modify the noun) fox in a jungle. One day, while he was walking (b) (post-modify the verb) through the jungle he fell into a trap and lost his tail. He felt (c) (pre-modify the adjective) unhappy and sad. But the fox was very cunning. He hit upon a plan. He invited all the foxes (d) (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) to a meeting. When all the foxes arrived, the fox without a tail said, “My dear friends, listen to me, please, I have discovered a (e) (pre-modify the noun) thing. It is that our tails are (f) (pre-modify the adjective) useless. They look ugly and dirty. So, we should cut off our tails, shouldn’t we?” All foxes listened to the cunning fox (g) (post-modify the verb). Most of them agreed (h) (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) their tails. But an old and (i) (pre-modify the noun) fox said to him, “My friend, your plan is nice but evil. Actually, you want to cut off our tails because you have (j) (pre-modify the noun with a determiner) tail of your own.”