Simple, Complex and Compound
Md. Khorshed Alam (Babul Sir)
Former Teacher of Chauddagram Haji Jafar Ali Pilot Govt High School
And Present Teacher of Chauddagram Girls Pilot Model High School
B.A (hon's), M.A (English), B.ed
Transformation of Sentences
(Based on structure)
Complex into Simple
Simple into Complex
Rule-01: Since/As/When-যুক্ত sentence-কে simple করার নিয়ম:
দুইটি clause-এর subject একই হলে এবং প্রথম clause-টিতে মূল verb থাকলে শুরুতে মূল verb-এর present form-এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয় + বাকি সব ঠিক থাকে + Since/As/When উঠে যায়।
Example:
Complex: Since/As the old man killed the bird, he brought bad luck to the crew.
Simple: Killing the bird, the old man brought bad luck to the crew.
Complex: As I had forgotten him, I went out.
Simple: Forgetting him, I went to Dhaka
Rule-02: Since/As/When-যুক্ত sentence-এর দুইটি clause-এর subject ভিন্ন হলে এবং প্রথম clause-টিতে to be verb অথবা to have verb থাকলে বাক্যটিকে simple করতে শুরুতে Because of/Due to/Owing to বসে + personal subject-এর possessive form বসে + to be থাকলে being অথবা to have থাকলে having বসে + Since/As/When উঠে যায়।
Example:
Complex: Since the weather was very cold, there were no birds or animals in the snow-covered country.
Simple: Beacause of The weather being very cold, there were no birds or animals in the snow-covered country.
Complex: As I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Simple: Due to being ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Rule-03: Since/As যুক্ত sentence-এর subject এক হওয়া সত্ত্বেও যদি প্রথম clause-টিতে to be verb/to have verb থাকে তবে simple করতে শুরুতে Because of বসে + subject-এর possessive form বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে + to be verb-এর স্থানে being/to have verb-এর স্থানে having বসে/main verb-এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়।
Example:
Complex: Since he was short, he could not reach the top branch.
Simple: Because of his being short, he could not reach the top branch./ Because of his shortness, he could not reach the top branch.
Complex: Jerry was loved by the authoress as he had integrity.
Simple: Jerry was loved by the authoress because of his having integrity.
Rule-04 (a): Relative pronoun + verb-যুক্ত sentence-কে simple করতে বাক্যের শুরু থেকে relative pronoun-এর আগ পর্যন্ত বসে + relative pronoun থেকে সাহায্যকারী verb পর্যন্ত উঠে যায় + মূল verb-এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয় + বাকি অংশ বসে।
Example:
Complex: The writer lived in a cabin that belonged to the orphanage.
Simple: The writer lived in a cabin belonging to the orphanage.
Complex: Village women who are sitting on the walkways may enjoy gossiping.
Simple: Village women sitting on the walkways may enjoy gossiping.
Rule-04 (b): Subject + relative pronoun + past participle-যুক্ত sentence-কে simple করতে relative pronoun থেকে সাহায্যকারী verb পর্যন্ত উঠে যায় + বাকি সব ঠিক থাকে।
Example:
Complex: The book which was published last year got a good market.
Simple: The book published last year got a good market.
Complex: The car which has been imported from Japan is working well.
Simple: The car imported from Japan is working well.
Rule-04 (c): Subject + relative pronoun + object-যুক্ত sentence-কে simple করতে article ‘The’ থাকলে তার পরিবর্তে ‘A/An’ বসে + relative pronoun থেকে সাহায্যকারী verb পর্যন্ত উঠে যায় + object বসে + প্রদত্ত subject বা noun-টি বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে।
Example:
Complex: The boy who is industrious can shine in life.
Simple: An industrious boy can shine in life.
Complex: Mother Teresa was a woman who was kind hearted .
Simple: Mother Teresa was a kind hearted woman.
Rule-05: Subject + verb + object/Noun + relative pronoun + be verb + Adjective— এরূপ sentence-কে simple করতে প্রথমে subject + verb + a/an + adjective + noun/object বসে এবং relative pronoun থেকে be verb পর্যন্ত উঠে যায়।
Example:
Complex: I helped a woman who was helpless.
Simple: I helped a helpless woman.
Rule-06: What-যুক্ত sentence-কে simple করতে প্রথমে subject + verb বসে + what উঠে যায় + pronoun-এর possessive form বসে + পরের noun-টি বসে+verb থাকলে উঠে যায়।
Example:
Complex: I know what his name is.
Simple: I know his name.
Complex: I know where he lives.
Simple: I know his living place.
Rule-07: কোনো sentence-এ It is certain that/It is sure that/It is sudden that/unfortunate/fortunate that ইত্যাদি থাকলে simple করতে -it is that উঠে যায় + উক্ত word এর সাথে Ly যুক্ত হয়।
Surely/suddenly/unfortunately/fortunately/certainly বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে।
Example:
Complex: It is certain that he will come.
Simple: Certainly, he will come.
Complex: It is sure that he has done it.
Simple: Surely, he has done it.
Rule-08: If-যুক্ত clause-টি না-বোধক হলে Simple শুরুতে Without বসে + মূল verb-এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয় এবং if-যুক্ত clause-টি হ্যাঁ-বোধক হলে By বসে + মূল verb-এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয়।
Note: বাক্য না-বোধক হলে If থেকে not এবং হ্যাঁ-বোধক হলে If থেকে subject পর্যন্ত উঠে যায়।
Example:
Complex: If you do not work hard, you will not prosper in life.
Simple: Without working hard, you will not prosper in life.
Complex: If you read attentively, you will make a good result.
Simple: By reading attentively, you will make a good result.
[BELOW ARE SOME SENTENCES THAT DO NOT FALL UNDER ANY PARTICULAR RULE BUT POSSESS SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS AS THE AFOREMENTIONED ONE]
Complex: I know that he is a poet.
Simple: I know him to be a poet. Or, I know him for his poetry.
Complex: They are aware that the boy is honest.
Simple: They are aware of the boy’s honesty. Or, They are aware of the honesty of the boy.
Rule-09: When-যুক্ত সময়নির্দেশক sentence-কে simple করতে—
i) ছোটো সময় বোঝালে ‘at’ বসে
ii) বড়ো সময় বা ঋতু বোঝালে ‘in’ বসে
iii) বয়স বোঝালে ‘at the age of’ বসে
iv) কাজ চলা বোঝালে ‘at the time of’ বসে।
অতঃপর when থেকে verb পর্যন্ত উঠে যায় এবং personal pronoun থাকলে সেটার possessive form বসে।
Example:
Complex: When it was daylight, I was half awakened by the sound of chopping.
Simple: At daylight, I was half awakened by the sound of chopping.
Complex: When it is spring, the cuckoo sings.
Simple: In spring, the cuckoo sings.
Complex: When it was raining, he played in the field.
Simple: At the time of raining, he played in the field.
Rule-10: So that (যাতে)-যুক্ত sentence-কে simple করতে so that-এর স্থানে ‘to’ বসে + so that থেকে can/could/may/might পর্যন্ত উঠে যায়।
Example:
Complex: He studied hard so that he could get a good result.
Simple: He studied hard to get a good result.
Rule-11: So … … that-যুক্ত sentence-কে simple করতে so-এর স্থানে ‘too’ বসে এবং that-এর স্থানে ‘to’ বসে + that থেকে not পর্যন্ত উঠে যায়।
Example:
Complex: He is so weak that he can not walk.
Simple: He is too weak to walk.
Rule-12: Though/Although থাকলে simple করতে শুরুতে Inspite of/Despite বসে + personal pronoun-এর possessive form বসে + to be verb থাকলে being/to have verb থাকলে having/main verb থাকলে ওই verb-এর সাথে ing যুক্ত হয় + ২য় অংশ বসে।
Example:
Complex: Though he tried heart and soul, he could not pass the exam.
Simple: Despite his trying heart and soul, he could not pass the exam.
Complex: Although he was poor, he was honest.
Simple: Inspite of his being poor, he was honest.
[SOME SMALL TRICKS TO USE IN TRANSFORMING SENTENCES FROM SIMPLE INTO COMPLEX]:
Being/Having/Ing থাকলে Since/As/When + subject + verb বসে
To = So that + subject + can/could/may/might + verb
By … … + ing = If + subject + verb
Being = Since/As/When + subject + verb
Without … … + ing = If + subject + do not + verb
too … … to = so … … that + subject + can not/could not
Subject + verb + object + noun = Subject + verb + noun + relative pronoun + be + object
Subject + verb + obj = Subject + verb + object + object-এর relative pronoun + বাকি অংশ
Article + object + noun = Those/article ‘the’ + noun + noun-এর relative pronoun + be + object
Rule-01: Present participle (ing)-যুক্ত sentence-কে complex করতে ২য় অংশটি যে tense-এ থাকবে present participle-যুক্ত অংশকে সেই tense দ্বারা গঠন করতে হবে একই subject দিয়ে + শুরুতে Since/As/When বসে।
Note: কারণ বোঝালে Since/As বসে এবং সময় বোঝালে When বসে।
Example:
Simple: Closing the door, I went back home.
Complex: When I closed the door, I went back home.
Simple: Running fast, the boy got the first prize.
Complex: As the boy ran fast, he got the first prize.
Rule-02: Subject + present participle-যুক্ত sentence-কে complex করতে প্রথমে subject বসে + relative pronoun বসে + tense ও person অনুযায়ী verb বসে + ing-যুক্ত অংশ বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে।
Example:
Simple: The boy playing in the field is my friend.
Complex: The boy who is playing in the field is my friend.
Rule-03: Subject + past participle-যুক্ত sentence-কে complex করতে প্রথমে subject বসে + relative pronoun বসে + tense ও person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে + past participle বসে।
Example:
Simple: The car imported from Korea is working well.
Complex: The car which was imported from Korea is working well.
Simple: The stolen watch was found.
Complex: The watch which was stolen was found.
Rule-04: Adjective + noun-যুক্ত বাক্যকে complex করতে প্রথমে article ‘a/an’ থাকলে বসে + noun বসে + noun-এর relative pronoun বসে + to be verb বসে + adjective বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে।
Example:
Simple: An industrious boy can shine in life.
Complex: A boy who is industrious can shine in life.
Simple: A dishonest man is hated everywhere.
Complex: A man who is dishonest is hated everywhere.
Rule-05: Subject + verb + object + present participle (ing)-যুক্ত sentence-কে complex করতে প্রথমে subject বসে + verb বসে + object বসে + object-এর relative pronoun বসে + tense ও relative pronoun অনুযায়ী be verb বসে + ing-যুক্ত বাকি অংশ বসে।
Example:
Simple: I saw him reading.
Complex: I saw him who was reading.
Simple: I saw a bird flying.
Complex: I saw a bird which was flying.
Rule-06: Subject + verb + Adjective + noun-যুক্ত sentence-কে complex করতে subject + verb + noun বসে + noun-এর relative pronoun বসে + be verb বসে + adjective বসে।
Example:
Simple: I saw a lame man.
Complex: I saw a man who was lame.
Note: Adjective-টি যদি subject-কে modify করে তাহলে প্রথমে It বসে + be verb বসে + subject + relative pronoun + verb + adjective বসে।
Example:
Simple: Health is wealth.
Complex: It is health which is wealth.
Simple: Knowledge is power.
Complex: It is knowledge which is power.
Rule-07: Being-যুক্ত sentence-কে complex করতে being-এর পরবর্তী অংশ যে tense-এ থাকবে being-যুক্ত অংশকে একই tense দ্বারা গঠন করতে subject বসে + শুরুতে Since/As/When বসে।
Note: কারণ বোঝালে Since/As বসে এবং সময় বোঝালে When বসে।
Example:
Simple: The water being very hot, I could not drink it.
Complex: Since the water was very hot, I could not drink it.
Simple: Being poor, she could not buy the chain.
Complex: As she was poor, she could not buy the chain.
Rule-08: কোনো sentence-এ in the morning, in the afternoon, at night, বড়ো সময়, ছোটো সময়, ঋতু ইত্যাদি থাকলে প্রথমে when বসে + it is/was বসে + সময়যুক্ত অংশ বসে।
Example:
Simple: In the morning, I usually take breakfast at 7 o’clock.
Complex: When it is morning, I usually take breakfast at 7 o’clock.
During Summer, our school is closed.
Complex: When it is summer, our school is closed.
Rule-09: Too … … to-যুক্ত বাক্যকে complex করতে too-এর স্থানে ‘so’ এবং to-এর স্থানে ‘that’ বসে + subject + cannot/could not বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে।
Example:
Simple: He is too weak to walk.
Complex: He is so weak that he can not walk.
Rule-10: উদ্দেশ্যমূলক অর্থাৎ to + verb-যুক্ত sentence-কে complex করতে to-এর স্থানে ‘so that’ বসে + subject + can/could/may/might বসে + বাকি সব ঠিক থাকে।
Example:
Simple: The man sold his watch to buy her a gift.
Complex: The man sold his watch so that he could buy her a gift.
We went to Cox’s Bazar to enjoy the sea beach.
Complex: We went to Cox’s Bazar so that we could enjoy the sea beach.
Rule-11: Inspite of/Despite-যুক্ত sentence-কে complex করতে শুরুতে Though/Although বসে + subject বসে + being-এর স্থানে to be verb বসে/having হলে to have verb বসে/ing-যুক্ত অংশ থাকলে tense and person অনুসারে main verb বসে + ২য় অংশ বসে।
Example:
Simple: Inspite of his being healthy, he is lazy.
Complex: Though he is healthy, he is lazy.
Simple: Despite his having riches, he leads a poor life.
Complex: Though he has riches, he leads a poor life.
Or- Though he is rich, he leads a poor life.
Rule-12: Because of/Due to/Owing to/According to-যুক্ত sentence-কে complex করতে প্রথমে Since/As বসে + subject + verb বসে + adjective/noun বসে + ২য় অংশ বসে।
Example:
Simple: Because of my illness, I could not join the meeting.
Complex: As I was ill, I could not join the meeting.
Simple: Owing to their playing well, they won the game.
Complex: As they played well, they won the game.
Compound into Simple
[THESE ARE SOME SPECIAL TECHNIQUES TO USE IN TRANSFORMING COMPOUND SENTENCES INTO SIMPLE STRUCTURES]:
And থাকলে by + ing /being/having বসে
Or থাকলে without + ing
But থাকলে - Inspite of + ing / being / having
So থাকলে Because of + possessive form + ing / being / having
Rule-01: And-যুক্ত দুটি clause-এর subject একই হলে এবং প্রথম clause-টিতে মূল verb থাকলে সেক্ষেত্রে প্রথমে মূল verb-এর present form-এর সাথে ing যোগ হয় + and-এর পরিবর্তে কমা (,) বসে + ২য় অংশ বসে + প্রথম subject, ২য় অংশের subject হিসেবে বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে।
Example:
Compound: The old man killed the bird and brought bad luck for the crew.
Simple: Killing the bird, the old man brought bad luck for the crew.
Compound: He went to Europe and started composing poems.
Simple: Going to Europe, he started composing poems.
Rule-02: And-যুক্ত sentence-এর উভয় অংশের subject ভিন্ন হলে এবং প্রথম অংশে am/is/are/was/were অথবা have/has/had থাকলে simple করতে am/is/are/was/were-এর পরিবর্তে being এবং have/has/had-এর পরিবর্তে having বসে + and-এর স্থানে কমা (,) বসে।
Example:
Compound: The marriage ceremony was over and all the guards were going to the feast.
Simple: The marriage ceremony being over, all the guards were going to the feast.
Compound: The sun had set and we returned home.
Simple: The sun having set, we returned home.
HERE ARE SOME SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONS TO KEEP IN MIND:
Compound: The thirsty man drank water and quenched his thirst.
Simple: Drinking water, the thirsty man quenched his thirst.
Compound: The boy got up early in the morning and recited the Holy Quran.
Simple: Getting up early in the morning, the boy recited the Holy Quran.
Or-The boy got up early in the morning to recite the Holy Quran.
Rule-03: And-যুক্ত দুটি clause-এর subject একই হলে এবং প্রথম clause-টি দ্বারা কারণ বোঝালে simple করতে প্রথমে Because of/Owing to/Due to বসে + subject-এর possessive form বসে + to be verb থাকলে being অথবা to have verb থাকলে having বসে অথবা মূল verb থাকলে ing যোগ হয় + and-এর পরিবর্তে কমা বসে + ২য় অংশ বসে।
Example:
Compound: I was ill and I could not move an inch.
Simple: Because of my being ill, I could not move an inch.
Or- Being ill, he could not move an inch.
Or-Because of his illness, he could not move an inch.
Rule-04: And দ্বারা সময় নির্দেশ করলে subject থেকে verb পর্যন্ত উঠে যায় + সময়নির্দেশক শব্দটি বসে + and উঠে যায় + ২য় অংশ বসে।
Example:
Compound: It was twenty years ago and I was living in Paris.
Simple: Twenty years ago, I was living in Paris.
Rule-05: And-যুক্ত sentence-টি দ্বারা যদি উদ্দেশ্য বোঝায় তাহলে simple করতে and-এর স্থানে ‘to’ বসে এবং subject থেকে সাহায্যকারী verb পর্যন্ত উঠে যায়।
Example:
Compound: He reads attentively and he can achieve good result.
Simple: He reads attentively to achieve good result.
Rule-06: Or-যুক্ত sentence-কে simple করতে শুরুতে without বসে + ing যোগ হয় + or উঠে কমা (,) বসে + ২য় অংশ বসে।
Example:
Compound: Work hard or you will not prosper in life.
Simple: Without working hard, you will not prosper in life.
Rule-07: But-যুক্ত sentence-কে simple করতে শুরুতে Inspite of/Despite বসে+ sub এর possessive form being/having/Ing+ but উঠে কমা (,) বসে।
Example:
Compound: He is poor but honest.
Simple: Inspite of his being poor, he is honest.
Or, Inspite of his poverty, he is honest.
Compound: I ran fast but I could not catch the train.
Simple: Despite my running fast, I could not catch the train.
Simple into Compound
Rule-01: শুরুতে ing-যুক্ত simple sentence-কে compound করতে ২য় অংশটি যে tence-এ থাকবে, ing-যুক্ত অংশটি একই tense-এ গঠন করতে হবে একই subject দিয়ে + কমা (,)-এর জায়গায় ‘and’ বসবে।
Example:
Simple: Drinking water, the writer wanted to save money.
Compound: The writer drank water and wanted to save money.
Simple: Finishing the work, we went to the playground.
Compound: We finished the work and went to the playground.
Rule-02: Being-যুক্ত simple sentence-কে compound করার নিয়ম:
Being-যুক্ত অংশকে ২য় অংশের tense অনুযায়ী গঠন করতে হবে + subject না থাকলে ২য় অংশের subject অনুসারে subject বসাতে হবে + দুটি sentence-এর মাঝে and বসবে।
Example:
Simple: Being honest, he could not tell a lie.
Compound: He was honest and could not tell a lie.
Simple: The weather being cold, we can not go out.
Compound: The weather is cold and we can not go out.
Rule-03: Perfect participle (having)-যুক্ত simple sentence-কে compound করার নিয়ম:
subject + tense ও person অনুযায়ী have/has/had বসে + and বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে।
Example:
Simple: Having forgotten him, I went out.
Compound: I had forgotten him and went out.
Rule-04: Too … … to-যুক্ত simple sentence-কে compound করার নিয়ম:
Too-এর জায়গায় ‘very’ বসে + to-এর জায়গায় ‘and’ বসে + subject বসে + tense অনুযায়ী can not/could not বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে।
Example:
Simple: He is too weak to walk.
Compound: He is very weak and he can not walk.
Complex into Compound
Rule-01: Since/As/When-যুক্ত complex sentence-কে compound করার নিয়ম:
Since/As/When উঠে যায় + দুটি clause-এর মাঝে and বসে + বাকি সব ঠিক থাকে।
Example:
Complex: Since the writer was young, he could not refuse the proposal of the lady guest.
Compound: The writer was young and he could not refuse the proposal of the lady guest.
Rule-02: Complex sentence-এ Though/Although থাকলে compound করতে Though/Although উঠে যায় + ১ম অংশটি বসে + but বসে + ২য় অংশ বসে।
Example:
Complex: Though he tried to pray, he could not get rid of the curse.
Compound: He tried to pray but he could not get rid of the curse.
Rule-03: Relative pronoun-যুক্ত complex sentence-কে compound করতে relative pronoun-এর জায়গায় ‘and’ বসে + প্রথম sentence-এর object-টি subject হিসেবে বসে + বাকি সব ঠিক থাকে।
Example:
Complex: The writer took a cabin which was small.
Compound: The writer took a cabin and it was small.
Rule-04: If-যুক্ত complex sentence-টি না-বোধক হলে compound করতে if থেকে not পর্যন্ত উঠে যায় + বাকি অংশ বসে + ‘or’ বসে + ২য় অংশ বসে।
Note: Sentence-টি হ্যাঁ-বোধক হলে or-এর পরিবর্তে ‘and’ বসে + বাকি সব ঠিক থাকে।
Example:
Complex: If you do not move, you will die.
Compound: Move or you will die.
Complex: If you run fast, you can win the prize.
Compound: Run fast and you can win the prize.
Compound into Complex
Rule-01: And-যুক্ত compound sentence-এর একটি clause দ্বারা যদি অন্যটির কারণ বা সময় বোঝায় তাহলে complex করতে প্রথমে Since/As/When + ১ম clause বসে + and-এর জায়গায় কমা (,) বসে + ২য় clause বসে।
Note: কারণ বোঝালে Since/As এবং সময় বোঝালে When বসে।
Example:
Compound: The writer was poor and could not taste caviar.
Complex: Since the writer was poor, he could not taste caviar.
Compound: The dog got close to him and found comfort there.
Complex: When the dog got close to him, it found comfort there.
Rule-02: And-যুক্ত clause-টি দ্বারা শর্ত বোঝালে complex করার নিয়ম:
প্রথমে If বসে + subject বসে + ১ম অংশ বসে + and-এর পরিবর্তে কমা (,) বসে + ২য় অংশ বসে।
Example:
Compound: Work hard and you will shine in life.
Complex: If you work hard, you will shine in life.
Rule-03: But থাকলে complex করতে Though/Although বসে + ১ম অংশ বসে + but-এর জায়গায় কমা (,) বসে + ২য় অংশ বসে।
Note: Complex sentence-এর দুটি clause-এই subject বসাতে হবে।
Example:
Compound: He ran fast but could not catch the train.
Complex: Though he ran fast, he could not catch the train.
Rule-04: Or-যুক্ত compound sentence-কে complex করতে প্রথমে if বসে + subject বসে + do not বসে + ১ম অংশ বসে + কমা (,) বসে।
Example:
Compound: Work hard or you can not prosper in life.
Complex: If you do not work hard, you can not prosper in life.
Compound: Move or you will die.
Complex: If you do not move you will die.
CREDITS:
Produced & Directed by : MD KHORSHED ALAM BABUL(Sir)
Designed & Composed by : MAHMUDUL H. SIAM
THE END