Lesson Plan for Grade 6-11, All students
prepared by Md. Khorshed Alam Babul,
B.A Honors, M.A in English, B.ed
Changing Sentence or Transformation of Sentence
অর্থের পরিবর্তন না করে যেকোনো বাক্যকে এক রূপ থেকে আরেক রূপে নিয়ে যাওয়াকে বাক্য পরিবর্তন বা Sentence Change বলে।
Affirmative into Negative
Rule-1:Only/Alone থাকলে only/Alone এর পরিবর্তে None but, nothing but, not more Than বা not less than বসে।
Note: ব্যক্তি বোঝালে None but, বস্তু, জড় পদার্থ, ছোট শিশু, ইতর প্রাণী বোঝালে Nothing but, বয়স বা সংখ্যা বোঝালে Not more than বা Not less than বসে।
Examples:
Affir : Only Allah can save us
Neg: None but can save us
2. Aff: The child loves only sweet
Neg: The child loves nothing but sweet
3. Aff: The old man alone lived there.
Neg: None but the old man lived there.
4. Aff: The boy was only ten
Neg: The boy is not more than ten.
Rule-2: Must থাকলে Must এর পরিবর্তে can not but বা can not help বসে+ বাকি সব ঠিক থাকে।
Note: can not help হলে মূল verb এর সাথে Ing যোগ হবে।
Ex:
We must obey our patients
Neg: We can not but obey our parents
You must yield to your fate
Neg: You can not but yield to your fate.
Rule-3: শুরুতে Every থাকলে every জায়গায় there is no বসে+ every এর পরের শব্দ বসে+But বসে+ বাকি অংশ বসে।
Ex:
Every rose has a thorn
Neg : There is no rose but has a thorn.
Everybody hates a liar
Neg: There is no body but hates liars.
Rule-4: Auxiliary verb বা সাহায্যকারী verb যুক্ত বাক্যকে Negative করতে সাহায্যকারী verb+ not বসে+ বিপরীত শব্দ বসে।
Ex:
Mr. Kalam is an honest man.
Neg: Mr. Kalam is not a dishonest man
The ship was extraordinary.
Neg: The ship was not ordinary.
She is sincere about her studies.
Neg: She is not insincere about her studies.
Rule-5: সাহায্যকারী verb বিহীন বাক্যকে negative করতে - tense ও person অনুযায়ী do not, does not, did not বসে + verb এর V1 বসে + বিপরীত শব্দ বসে।
Note: Present Tense হলে do not/ does not বসে এবং Past tense হলে did not বসে।
Ex:
He liked his mother.
neg: He did not hate/dislike his mother.
She studies sincerely to make a good result.
Neg: She does not study insincerely to make a good result.
Rule-6: Both……….and যুক্ত বাক্যকে negative করতে both এর জায়গায় not only বসে এবং and এর জায়গায় but also বসে + বাকি সব ঠিক থাকে।
Ex:
I drank both tea and coffee.
Neg: I drank not only tea but also coffee.
Rule-7: Many থাকলে many এর জায়গায় Not a few বসে। যেমনঃ
Ex:
Affir: I have many friends
Neg: I have not a few friends
Rule-8: Much থাকলে Much এর জায়গায় Not a little বসে।
Ex:
Affir: There is much water in the pond
Neg: There is not a little water in the pond.
Rule-9: Always থাকলে Never বসে+ বিপরীত শব্দ বসে।
Ex:
Affir: I always help him
Neg: I never harm him.
Rule-10: As_________as থাকলে প্রথম as জায়গায় Not less বসে এবং দ্বিতীয় as জায়গায় Than বসে।
Ex:
Affir: Kalam is as wise as Jamal
Neg: Kalam is not less wise than Jamal
Rule-11: Sometimes থাকলে Not always বসে
Ex:
Affir: He sometimes visits me.
Neg: He does not always visit me.
Rule-12: As soon as থাকলে as soon as এর জায়গায় No sooner had বসে+ sub+ verb+ V-3+বাকি অংশ + কমার জায়গায় than বসে + ২ য় অংশ বসে।
Ex :
Affir: As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away.
Neg: No sooner had the thief seen the police than he ran away.
Negative to Affirmative
Rule-1: None but, nothing but, not more than, Not less than থাকলে এদের জায়গায় Only বসে + বাকি সব ঠিক থাকে,
Rule - 2: Can not but/Could not but/ Can not help থাকলে এদের পরিবর্তে Must/ Had to বসে।
Note: Could not but হলে had to বসে।
Rule-3: There is no+ but/Nobody/None/No one থাকলে এদের জায়গায় শুরুতে Every+Noun/body/one বসে+but ওঠে যায়।
There is no mother but loves her child
Affir: Every Mother loves her child
Note: Without থাকলে Has বসে। সবগুলো affirmative to negative rules উল্টো করলেই হবে।
Assertive to Interrogative
Rule-1 : সাহায্যকারী verb যুক্ত Assertive Sentence কে Interrogative করতে শুরুতে সাহায্যকারী verb বসে + not বসে + বাকি অংশ + প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) বসে।
not না থাকলে not বসে আর not থাকলে উঠে যায়।
★সাহায্যকারী verb : am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, will – Can, could, will, would, shall - should, may - might, must, ought to ইত্যাদি।
☑ Example :
Asser : He is a good player.
Inter : Isn't he a good player?
I have a pen
Inter: Haven't I a pen?
You should not follow him
Inter : Should you follow him?
Rule-2 : সাহায্যকারী verb বিহীন Assertive sentence কে Negative করতে প্রথমে tense ও person অনুসারে do not/does not/did not বসে + verb এর present form + বাকি অংশ + প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন(?)।
Note :present indefinite tense এ subject যদি third person singular number হলে doesn’t বসে। আর অন্যক্ষেত্রে don't বসে। past tense হলে didn’t বসে।
I/we/you/they - don't
He/she/it, Kalam, Jamal - doesn’t
☑ Example :
Asser : I agree with you.
Inter : Don't I agree with you?
Asser : He goes to Dhaka.
Inter : Doesn’t he go to Dhaka?
Asser : He behaved rough with him.
Inter : Didn't he behave rough with him?
Rule-3 : Assertive sentence এ never থাকলে interrogative sentence এ ever বসে।
☑ Example :
Asser : I never drink coffee.
Inter : Do I ever drink coffee?
Rule-3(A) : Assertive sentence এ nothing থাকলে interrogative sentence এ anything বসে।
☑ Example :
Asser : I have nothing to say.
Inter : Have I anything to say?
Note : সাহায্যকারী verb না থাকলে tense ও person অনুসারে do,does ও did বসে।
Rule-4 : Everybody,Everyone,All কে interrogative করতে শুরুতে who does not বসে + verb এর present form বসে (s/es উঠে যায়) + বাকি অংশ + প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন(?) বসে।
☑Example :
Asser : Everybody knows this.
Inter : Who doesn’t know this?
Asser : Everyone hates a traitor.
Inter : Who doesn’t hate a traitor?
Rule-5 : No body,No one, none কে interrogative করতে শুরুতে Who বসে + বাকি অংশ + প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন(?) বসে।
☑Example :
Asser : None can do this.
Inter : Who can do this?
Asser : No one can count my love for you.
Inter : Who can count my love for you?
Assertive to Exclamatory
Rule-1: Assertive sentence কে Exclamatory করতে প্রথমে what, how বসে + a, an থাকলে বসে + very বা great থাকলে উঠে যায় + বাকি অংশ বসে + প্রথমে subject বসে + verb বসে + (!) বসে।
Note// a, an থাকলে what বসে এবং a, an না থাকলে how বসে।
Example:
Asser: The garden is very beautiful.
Excla: How beautiful the garden is!
Asser: It is an excellent bird.
Excla: What an excellent bird it is!
Rule-2: Subject + wish যুক্ত sentence কে Exclamatory করতে প্রথমে if/had/would, that বসে + wish এর পরের অংশ বসে + (!) বসে।
Example:
Asser: I wish I were a king.
Excla: If I were a king!
Exclamatory to Assertive
Rule-1: Exclamatory sentence বা what, how যুক্ত sentence কে assertive করতে প্রথমে subject বসে + verb বসে + a, an বসে + very, great বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে।
Example:
Excla: What a wonderful invention computer is!
Asser: Computer is a wonderful invention.
Excla: How beautiful scenery it is!
Asser: It is very beautiful scenery.
Rule-2: Hurrah যুক্ত sentence কে assertive করতে প্রথমে it is a matter of joy that বসে + Hurrah এর পরের অংশ বসে।
Example:
Excla: Hurrah! We have won the game.
Asser: It is a matter of joy that we have won the game.
Rule-3: Alas! যুক্ত sentence কে assertive করতে প্রথমে It is a matter of sorrow that বসে + Alas এর পরের অংশ বসে।
Example:
Excla: Alas! He has failed in the exam.
Asser: It is a matter of sorrow that he has failed in the exam.
Rule-4: Fie যুক্ত sentence কে assertive করতে প্রথমে It is shameful that + fie এর পরের অংশ বসে।
Example:
Excla: Fie! He can not tolerate the poor.
Asser: It is shameful that he can not tolerate the poor.
Rule-5: If, had, would that, O that যুক্ত sentence কে assertive করতে প্রথমে subject বসে + wish বসে + if, had, would that, O that এর পরের অংশ + (!) উঠে যায়।
Note:Had যুক্ত sentence এ wish এর পর পুনরায় subject বসে + had বসে।
Example:
Excla: If I were a king!
Asser: I wish I were a king.
Excla: Had I been a king!
Asser: I wish I had been a king.
Excla: Would that I could be a child again!
Asser: I wish I could be a child again.
Excla: O that I was a bird!
Asser: I wish I were a bird.
Voice
There are two types of voice.
Active voice:
In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted by the verb.
These examples show that the subject is doing the verb's action.
I eat rice.
The man broke the glass.
She is reading a Novel
Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are said to be in the active voice.
ক্রিয়া প্রকাশের ভঙ্গিমাকেই voice বা বাচ্য বলে। ক্রিয়ার প্রকাশভঙ্গি বলে দেয় কর্তা কাজটি নিজে করছেন, না কর্তার দ্বারা কোন কাজ সম্পন্ন হচ্ছে।
Passive voice: One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb - or passive.
Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed.
Rice is eaten by me.
The glass was broken by the man
A novel is being read by her
Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences are said to be in the passive voice.
passive voice Sub কাজ করার ভান করে বা নিজে নিস্ক্রিয় থেকে মনে হয় যেন অন্যকে দিয়ে কাজ করে নেয় বা Obj কে দিয়ে তার কাজ সম্পন্ন করে তাকে passive voice বা নিস্ক্রিয় বাচ্য বলে।
Active into Passive
Rule-1: Obj কে Sub করতে হবে + Tense ও Person অনুসারে সাহায্যকারী Verb বসে + মূল verb এর V3 বা Past participle form বসে + By বসে + Sub টি obj রূপে বসে।
Ex:
Act: I eat rice
Pass: Rice is eaten by me
Act:The boys are playing football
Pass: Football is being played by the boys.
Active: She bought some books from the Market.
Passive : Some books were bought by her
Act: We should follow the life of Prophet Mohammed (Sm).
Pass: The life of prophet Mohammad (Sm) should be followed by us.
Act: I have done the work.
Pass: The work has been done by me.
Passive into Active
Rule-1: Am/is/are থাকলে Present Indefinite Tense এর গঠন লিখতে হবে।
[Sub+V1+Obj/Ext]
Ex:
Pass: Rice is eaten by me
Act: I eat rice.
Pass: Cricket is spread all over the World.
Act: Cricket Council spreads cricket all over the World.
Rule-2: Was/were থাকলে Past Indefinite Tense এর Structure লিখতে হবে।
[Sub+V2+obj/Ext]
Pass: The glass was broken by him.
Act: He broke the glass.
Pass: The books were published
Act: The authority/Poet published the books
Rule-3: Being থাকলে Continuous Tense এর structure লিখতে হবে।
Note: am/is/are+ing থাকলে present continuous tense হবে। এবং Was/ Were+ing হলে Past Continuous Tense হবে। Ex:
Pass: TV is being watched now by Sima
Act: Sima is watching TV now.
Rule-4: By দ্বারা Obj না থাকলে তখন Sub হিসেবে সরকারি কাজ বুঝালে The authority/Government বসে, বৈজ্ঞানিক কাজ বুঝালে The Scientist বসে, সাধারণ কাজ বা কারো উপাধি বা নামকরণ করা ইত্যাদি বুঝলে People বা We বসে।
Note: এই রুলটি Passive থেকে Active এর সকল রুলের জন্যে।
Ex:
Pass: The bridge was built
Act: The government built the bridge
Pass: The Padma is called the river of destruction.
Act: We/People call the padma the river of destruction.
Pass: The life of a bee should be followed
Act: We should Follow the life of a bee.
Pass: Computer was not invented overnight.
Act: The scientist did not invent computer overnight
Rule-5: Modal Verb যুক্ত বাক্যকে Active করতে Sub + modal verb + be ওঠে যায় + Verb present form বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে।
Ex:
Pass: The rules of Health must be maintained/followed
Act: We must maintain the rules of health
Rule-6: Have been/Has been/had been + V3 থাকলে Active করতে Sub + have/has/had + V3 + বাকি অংশ
Ex:
Pass: The work has been done by me.
Act: I have done the work.
They have been suspended
Act: The authority has suspended them